Next Generation Addressing - IPv6

The current version of the Internet (known as version 4 or IPv4) uses a 32-bit IP addressing system, means Ipv4 can only produce address up to 2^32 i.e. in binary number system 32 times 1 i.e. 4,294,967,296. Even though we cannot use all these addresses because millions of addresses are reserved for private networks and multi cast addresses.

For example, the IP address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the default network, the address 127.0.0.1 is used for loopback(localhost) address and the address 255.255.255.255 is used for broadcasts

If we compare this with our Postal system, this is similar to the postman can identify 4,294,967,296 correct home address but if more than these addresses are present then how postman can deliver a post??? So we need the postman who can identify more addresses than 4,294,967,296. This introduces out new addressing system call as Internet Protocol Version 6. IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing system, so IPv6 can produce 2^128 unique addresses i.e. 128 times 1

i.e. 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

The tremendous growth in mobile devices including cellular phones, notebooks, computers, and wireless handheld devices has created a need for additional blocks of IP addresses. The website http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm shows 1,596,270,108 Internet users in the world by March 2009.One day it will cross the mark of our limited IP addresses(i.e. 4,294,967,296).Before the IP will be exhausted we should ready with the solution i.e. IPv6.Some organizations are predicting that IP will be exhausted in 2012 or 2013.

The Internet Engineering Task Force adopted "IP Next Generation" (IPng) on July 25, 1994, with the formation of several IPng working groups. By 1996, a series of RFCs were released defining Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), starting with RFC 2460.

Incidentally, the IPng architects could not use version number 5 as a successor to IPv4, because it had been assigned to an experimental flow-oriented streaming protocol (Internet Stream Protocol), similar to IPv4, intended to support video and audio.

The following advantages are immediately obvious in the new scheme of things:

Þ Larger address space

Þ Support for mobile devices

Þ Simplified address auto-configuration

Þ Improved address management

Þ Built-in security with end-to end IP Sec

Þ Enables more levels of hierarchy for route aggregation

IPv6 addresses are normally written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, where each group is separated by a colon (:). For example,

2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

IPv6 also implements new features that simplify aspects of address assignment (stateless address auto configuration) and network renumbering (prefix and router announcements) when changing Internet connectivity providers. The IPv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from Link Layer media addressing information (MAC address).

The 2008 Summer Olympic Games were a notable event in terms of IPv6 deployment, being the first time a major world event has had a presence on the IPv6 Internet at http://ipv6.beijing2008.cn/en (IP addresses 2001:252:0:1::2008:6 and 2001:252:0:1::2008:8) and all network operations of the Games were conducted using IPv6.[29]It is believed that the Olympics provided the largest showcase of IPv6 technology since the inception of IPv6.

In 1997, IBM became the first commercial vendor to support IPv6 through its AIX 4.3 operating system. The latest version of Microsoft's Windows operating system, Windows Vista, has full IPv6 support enabled by default.

MS Word Page Number Rearrange Problem

While working with Microsoft Office Word 2003, I found a problem in page number system.

If you assemble a word document from various document with page number applied to them then it is very difficult to arrenge them in the new page number order.

e.g. If you take some pages from document1.doc with page numbers 1 to 10 also you take some pages from document2.doc with page number 35 to 40 and save in the new document let's say document3.doc . Now you want to arrenge the them from 1 to 16(10+6) then you are in big trouble.

I tried to delete page number and to give fresh number but I couldn't.I didn't any straight forward solution. I and my colleague(Rajesh) found a solution for that.You want to change page number 35 with page number 11 so go to page number 35 select the footer section now your page number gets highlighted then go to Insert -> Page Number -> Format then in Start at section change the number 35 to 10(not 11) then Ok -> Ok. Now you will see the magic that page number 35 converted to 11 and so on.

Try this and tell me are you suceeded or not???

If you know better solution for this then please share with me on my email - tushar.chaudhari.2k7@gmail.com

Gmail VS google mail

Do you know the difference between Gmail and Google mail?
Here is the explanation......

Both gmail.com and googlemail.com are the same domain name.The only difference is, if the user create account from the countries like England or Germany(means user uses IP of these countries) then they allocated as googlemail domain. Except that user allocated as gmail domain.

Once user gmail domain alloted then if user moved to England or Germany then he/she should not change the domain.

Invisible Web

Many untrained users have the naive expectation that they can locate anything on the world wide web by using Google or Yahoo or Ask.com. No, as powerful as these search engines are, they do not index everything on the world wide web. In fact, search engines index less than 10% of the entire web! That remaining 90% is called the "Invisible Web", or in other words, "The Cloaked Web" or "The Deep Web". This is the massive content that is publicly available, but hidden from regular search engines.

Indeed, this is a tough concept to grasp - that billions of web pages cannot be found by Google. But it's true, billions of pages are beyond the abilities of search engine cataloging. The robot "spiders" which scan and catalog the world wide web are limited... they cannot see nor index everything.

To better visualize this concept, let's start with some size estimates from Google.com, Yahoo.com, Cyberatlas, and MIT. These stats are current to Fall 2007:

Google.com indexes 12.5 billion public web pages.

71 billion static web pages are publicly-available. These pages can easily be found by Google and other search engines. (e.g. www.honda.com, www.australia.gov.au)

6.5 billion static pages are hidden from the public. As private intranet content, these are the corporate pages that are only open to employees of specific companies. (e.g. employees.honda.com, secure.australia.gov.au)

220+ billion database-driven pages are completely invisible to Google. These invisible pages are not the regular web pages you and I can make. Rather, these are dynamic database reports that exist only when called from large databases.

(e.g. custom online car quote for Shelly, Australian government discussion on aboriginal taxation)

Google, considered the best search database today, can only catalog a fraction of this monstrous content. Even with electronic spiders to catalog millions of web pages each week, Google current indexes only 12.5 billion out of the 220+ billion pages out there...less than 6% of all available internet content.

So if Google only catalogs 6% of the World Wide Web, and other search engines catalog even less, then where is the remaining 90%of web content hidden?

Large Numbers

People sometimes confused about the large numbers. Here is a table. The system used in the U.S. is not as logical as that used in other countries (like Great Britain, France, and Germany). In these other countries, a billion (bi meaning two) has twice as many zeros as a million, and a trillion (tri meaning three) has three times as many zeros as a million, etc. But the scientific community seems to use the American system.

No. of 0's U.S. & scientific Other countries Byte

community

3 thousand thousand KiloByte

6 million million MegaByte

9 billion 1000 million (1 milliard) GigaByte

12 trillion billion TeraByte

15 quadrillion 1000 billion PetaByte

18 quintillion trillion ExaByte

21 sextillion 1000 trillion ZettaByte

24 septillion quadrillion YottaByte

27 octillion 1000 quadrillion

30 nonillion quintillion

33 decillion 1000 quintillion

36 undecillion sextillion

39 duodecillion 1000 sextillion

42 tredecillion septillion

45 quattuordecillion 1000 septillion

48 quindecillion octillion

51 sexdecillion 1000 octillion

54 septendecillion nonillion

57 octodecillion 1000 nonillion

60 novemdecillion decillion

63 vigintillion 1000 decillion

Some other large but not famous numbers :-

1. Googol :-

Googol is the large number 10¹⁰⁰, that is, the digit 1 followed by one hundred zero (in decimal representation). The term was coined in 1920 by nine-year-old Milton Sirotta.Sometimes Googol is called as Google .

Googol is of no particular significance in mathematics, but is useful when comparing with other incredibly large quantities such as the number of subatomic particles in the visible universe or the number of possible chess games. Kasner created it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity, and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics.

A googol can be written in conventional notation as follows:

1 googol

= 10¹⁰⁰

= 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,

000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

2. Googolplex:-

A googolplex is 1 followed by a googol of zeroes, or ten raised to the power of a googol:

10^googol = 10¹⁰¹⁰⁰.

USB 3.0

The Universal Serial Bus, or USB, a popular standard for transferring files to your PC or charging your iPhone, got its first major update in eight years.

USB 3.0 will be 10 times faster than the current USB 2.0 standard, and will increase the amount of electrical current that can be delivered through a USB cable.

Users need the increased speed -- 4.8 gigabits per second, to be precise. And as consumers carry around more devices, charging them off a PC using a USB cable will be much easier than carrying multiple chargers.

With the USB 3.0 specifications nailed down this year, the standard will bump up the power output to 900 milliamps from 100 milliamps, allowing more devices to be charged faster.

At first glance, the USB 3.0 connector looks just like the 2.0 design

Key Features :-

• USB 3.0 will be backwards-compatible with USB 2.0

• The maximum speed of USB 3.0 is 4.8Gbps

• Uploads and downloads are kept on separate data lanes

• USB 3.0 will charge more devices, quicker

• USB 3.0 will be more power efficient
  

The Mysterious Memristor

Anyone familiar with electronics knows the trinity of fundamental components: the resistor, the capacitor, and the inductor. In 1971, a University of California, Berkeley, engineer predicted that there should be a fourth element: a memory resistor, or memristor. But no one knew how to build one. Now, 37 years later, electronics have finally gotten small enough to reveal the secrets of that fourth element. The memristor, Hewlett-Packard researchers revealed today in the journal Nature, had been hiding in plain sight all along—within the electrical characteristics of certain nanoscale devices. They think the new element could pave the way for applications both near- and far-term, from nonvolatile RAM to realistic neural networks.

The discovery of the "memristor" or memory resistor will make it possible to develop computer systems that remember what's stored in memory when they are turned off. That means computers that don't need to be booted up and systems that are far more energy efficient than the current crop.

Researchers also hope the memristor can help develop a new kind of computer memory that can supplement or ultimately replace dynamic random access memory, or DRAM -- the type of memory used in personal computers.

Memristors are still primarily confined to the lab, so commercial products based on this kind of circuitry will not be available for at least five years.

The memristor's story starts nearly four decades ago with a flash of insight by IEEE Fellow and nonlinear-circuit-theory pioneer Leon Chua. Examining the relationships between charge and flux in resistors, capacitors, and inductors in a 1971 paper, Chua postulated the existence of a fourth element called the memory resistor. Such a device, he figured, would provide a similar relationship between magnetic flux and charge that a resistor gives between voltage and current. In practice, that would mean it acted like a resistor whose value could vary according to the current passing through it and which would remember that value even after the current disappeared.

Blu-ray Disk

What is Blu-ray?

Blu-ray is one of the two major formats competing for the emerging high definition DVD market. The name "Blu-ray" comes from the use of a blue-violet laser to read and write data. The term Blu-ray discs is shortened to BD for simplicity.

Due to HD DVD's capitulation in February 2008, Blu-ray is now the dominant HD format (in the West, at least).

A single layer BD will store around 25GB, which is more than 5 times the capacity of a single layer DVD. For each additional layer, an additional 25GB of storage will be available. The reason for the dramatic capacity increase over DVD is obvious when you consider that a HD transmission will take up a lot more room than a typical DVD stream, although with 25GB and 50GB capacities, and better compression algorithms, capacity shouldn't be an issue (so no "flippers", or double sided disc). These two types of discs are often referred to as BD25 and BD50.

BD resolution will follow the standard HD resolution standards currently used for HDTV transmissions. This means, at least for the present, the maximum resolution will be 1080i/p, or 1920x1080 in either interlaced or progressive format . There is also 720p resolution (1280x720, progressive), which is the current native resolution of many home theatre displays, and also SD resolution support, similar to today's DVDs.


The official date has been set to Spring 2006, announced in December 2005. HD DVD's release date was earlier pushed back to early 2006 as well. The difference between HD DVD and Blu-ray's launch dates is probably not a major issue, because even DVDs, the most successful format ever, took a year to become a "must-have" item after its official launch date, so the difference of a few months between the official launch dates is probably insignificant.


Blu-ray is now the only remaining HD format, after Toshiba announced in February 2008 that HD DVD will no longer be supported. And so technically, all companies are now backers of Blu-ray, but the list below is a list of the original backers of the format, before and during the format war.

Blu-ray is backed by the following list of companies:

* Apple Computer, Inc.
* Dell Inc.
* Hewlett Packard Company
* Hitachi, Ltd.
* LG Electronics Inc.
* Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
* Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
* Pioneer Corporation
* Royal Philips Electronics
* Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
* Sharp Corporation
* Sony Corporation
* TDK Corporation
* Thomson Multimedia
* Twentieth Century Fox
* Walt Disney Pictures

The main backers are Sony, Matsushita (Panasonics) and Philips, with Sharp also playing an important role. Sony (formerly Columbia/Tri-Star, and also the new owner of MGM), Fox and Disney are the main studio backers.

Warner is now the only major studio to back both formats after Paramount/Dreamwork's decision in August 2007 to stop releasing movies for Hd Dvd and to produce Blu-ray releases only. Rumors suggest that this deal will only last 18 months, although official statements indicate it is indefinite.

Warner has also announced in January 2008 that they will end support for HD DVD in May 2008, becoming a Blu-ray exclusive studio.

In November 2005, HP has stated that it might shift its support to HD DVD if "managed copy" and "iHD" are not supported by Blu-ray. Subsequently, mandatory managed copy will now be part of Blu-ray specifications, but the decision to include iHD is being considered.

What is Blu-ray Notebooks?

A Blu-ray Notebook (also known as Laptop) is a small mobile computer, and weigh 3 to 10 pounds (1.4 to 4.4 kg),yes many older regular notebooks may weigh more.

A player/drive which use blue-violet laser to read and write data called as blu-ray player/drive and any notebook come with this small but high tech device called blu-ray-Notebooks.

Blu-ray Notebooks usually run on a single main battery or from an external AC/DC adapter that charges the battery while also supplying power to the whole body hardware itself even in the event of a power failure.

Blu-ray Notebooks contain many components that are similar to the regular desktop computers and notebooks which perform the same functions, but come with more powerful graphic card to get benefit of any blu-ray discs, plus it will equipped with high resolution screen as now a days many notebooks coming with 1920X1200 high resolution screen which will enhance your experience to watch any bluray movies.

Still many people don't know which company selling which model in blu-ray or you can simply upgrade some of them.

For more Guidance of any blu-ray notebooks click on right side bar to know more about any particular brand bluray Notebooks and other accessory.